Mutagenesis of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and Selection of Gain-of-Virulence Mutants.
Identifieur interne : 000104 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000103; suivant : 000105Mutagenesis of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and Selection of Gain-of-Virulence Mutants.
Auteurs : Ngonidzashe Kangara [Royaume-Uni] ; Tomasz J. Kurowski [Royaume-Uni] ; Guru V. Radhakrishnan [Royaume-Uni] ; Sreya Ghosh [Royaume-Uni] ; Nicola M. Cook [Royaume-Uni] ; Guotai Yu [Royaume-Uni] ; Sanu Arora [Royaume-Uni] ; Brian J. Steffenson [États-Unis] ; Melania Figueroa [Australie] ; Fady Mohareb [Royaume-Uni] ; Diane G O. Saunders [Royaume-Uni] ; Brande B H. Wulff [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Frontiers in plant science [ 1664-462X ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Wheat stem rust caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is regaining prominence due to the recent emergence of virulent isolates and epidemics in Africa, Europe and Central Asia. The development and deployment of wheat cultivars with multiple stem rust resistance (Sr) genes stacked together will provide durable resistance. However, certain disease resistance genes can suppress each other or fail in particular genetic backgrounds. Therefore, the function of each Sr gene must be confirmed after incorporation into an Sr-gene stack. This is difficult when using pathogen disease assays due to epistasis from recognition of multiple avirulence (Avr) effectors. Heterologous delivery of single Avr effectors can circumvent this limitation, but this strategy is currently limited by the paucity of cloned Pgt Avrs. To accelerate Avr gene cloning, we outline a procedure to develop a mutant population of Pgt spores and select for gain-of-virulence mutants. We used ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) to mutagenize urediniospores and create a library of > 10,000 independent mutant isolates that were combined into 16 bulks of ~658 pustules each. We sequenced random mutants and determined the average mutation density to be 1 single nucleotide variant (SNV) per 258 kb. From this, we calculated that a minimum of three independently derived gain-of-virulence mutants is required to identify a given Avr gene. We inoculated the mutant library onto plants containing Sr43, Sr44, or Sr45 and obtained 9, 4, and 14 mutants with virulence toward Sr43, Sr44, or Sr45, respectively. However, only mutants identified on Sr43 and Sr45 maintained their virulence when reinolculated onto the lines from which they were identified. We further characterized 8 mutants with virulence toward Sr43. These also maintained their virulence profile on the stem rust international differential set containing 20 Sr genes, indicating that they were most likely not accidental contaminants. In conclusion, our method allows selecting for virulent mutants toward targeted resistance (R) genes. The development of a mutant library from as little as 320 mg spores creates a resource that enables screening against several R genes without the need for multiple rounds of spore multiplication and mutagenesis.
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.570180
PubMed: 33072145
PubMed Central: PMC7533539
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Mutagenesis of <i>Puccinia graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> and Selection of Gain-of-Virulence Mutants.</title><author><name sortKey="Kangara, Ngonidzashe" sort="Kangara, Ngonidzashe" uniqKey="Kangara N" first="Ngonidzashe" last="Kangara">Ngonidzashe Kangara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurowski, Tomasz J" sort="Kurowski, Tomasz J" uniqKey="Kurowski T" first="Tomasz J" last="Kurowski">Tomasz J. 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Cook</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Guotai" sort="Yu, Guotai" uniqKey="Yu G" first="Guotai" last="Yu">Guotai Yu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arora, Sanu" sort="Arora, Sanu" uniqKey="Arora S" first="Sanu" last="Arora">Sanu Arora</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steffenson, Brian J" sort="Steffenson, Brian J" uniqKey="Steffenson B" first="Brian J" last="Steffenson">Brian J. Steffenson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Figueroa, Melania" sort="Figueroa, Melania" uniqKey="Figueroa M" first="Melania" last="Figueroa">Melania Figueroa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, NSW, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, NSW</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NSW</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohareb, Fady" sort="Mohareb, Fady" uniqKey="Mohareb F" first="Fady" last="Mohareb">Fady Mohareb</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bedford</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saunders, Diane G O" sort="Saunders, Diane G O" uniqKey="Saunders D" first="Diane G O" last="Saunders">Diane G O. Saunders</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wulff, Brande B H" sort="Wulff, Brande B H" uniqKey="Wulff B" first="Brande B H" last="Wulff">Brande B H. Wulff</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33072145</idno><idno type="pmid">33072145</idno><idno type="doi">10.3389/fpls.2020.570180</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7533539</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000057</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000057</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000057</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000057</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000057</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Mutagenesis of <i>Puccinia graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> and Selection of Gain-of-Virulence Mutants.</title><author><name sortKey="Kangara, Ngonidzashe" sort="Kangara, Ngonidzashe" uniqKey="Kangara N" first="Ngonidzashe" last="Kangara">Ngonidzashe Kangara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurowski, Tomasz J" sort="Kurowski, Tomasz J" uniqKey="Kurowski T" first="Tomasz J" last="Kurowski">Tomasz J. Kurowski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bedford</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Radhakrishnan, Guru V" sort="Radhakrishnan, Guru V" uniqKey="Radhakrishnan G" first="Guru V" last="Radhakrishnan">Guru V. Radhakrishnan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghosh, Sreya" sort="Ghosh, Sreya" uniqKey="Ghosh S" first="Sreya" last="Ghosh">Sreya Ghosh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cook, Nicola M" sort="Cook, Nicola M" uniqKey="Cook N" first="Nicola M" last="Cook">Nicola M. Cook</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Guotai" sort="Yu, Guotai" uniqKey="Yu G" first="Guotai" last="Yu">Guotai Yu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arora, Sanu" sort="Arora, Sanu" uniqKey="Arora S" first="Sanu" last="Arora">Sanu Arora</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steffenson, Brian J" sort="Steffenson, Brian J" uniqKey="Steffenson B" first="Brian J" last="Steffenson">Brian J. Steffenson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Figueroa, Melania" sort="Figueroa, Melania" uniqKey="Figueroa M" first="Melania" last="Figueroa">Melania Figueroa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, NSW, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, NSW</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NSW</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohareb, Fady" sort="Mohareb, Fady" uniqKey="Mohareb F" first="Fady" last="Mohareb">Fady Mohareb</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bedford</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saunders, Diane G O" sort="Saunders, Diane G O" uniqKey="Saunders D" first="Diane G O" last="Saunders">Diane G O. Saunders</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wulff, Brande B H" sort="Wulff, Brande B H" uniqKey="Wulff B" first="Brande B H" last="Wulff">Brande B H. Wulff</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in plant science</title><idno type="ISSN">1664-462X</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Wheat stem rust caused by the fungus <i>Puccinia graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> (<i>Pgt</i>), is regaining prominence due to the recent emergence of virulent isolates and epidemics in Africa, Europe and Central Asia. The development and deployment of wheat cultivars with multiple stem rust resistance (<i>Sr</i>) genes stacked together will provide durable resistance. However, certain disease resistance genes can suppress each other or fail in particular genetic backgrounds. Therefore, the function of each <i>Sr</i> gene must be confirmed after incorporation into an <i>Sr</i>-gene stack. This is difficult when using pathogen disease assays due to epistasis from recognition of multiple avirulence (Avr) effectors. Heterologous delivery of single <i>Avr</i> effectors can circumvent this limitation, but this strategy is currently limited by the paucity of cloned <i>Pgt Avrs</i>. To accelerate <i>Avr</i> gene cloning, we outline a procedure to develop a mutant population of <i>Pgt</i> spores and select for gain-of-virulence mutants. We used ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) to mutagenize urediniospores and create a library of > 10,000 independent mutant isolates that were combined into 16 bulks of ~658 pustules each. We sequenced random mutants and determined the average mutation density to be 1 single nucleotide variant (SNV) per 258 kb. From this, we calculated that a minimum of three independently derived gain-of-virulence mutants is required to identify a given <i>Avr</i> gene. We inoculated the mutant library onto plants containing <i>Sr43</i>, <i>Sr44</i>, or <i>Sr45</i> and obtained 9, 4, and 14 mutants with virulence toward <i>Sr43</i>, <i>Sr44</i>, or <i>Sr45</i>, respectively. However, only mutants identified on <i>Sr43</i> and <i>Sr45</i> maintained their virulence when reinolculated onto the lines from which they were identified. We further characterized 8 mutants with virulence toward <i>Sr43</i>. These also maintained their virulence profile on the stem rust international differential set containing 20 <i>Sr</i> genes, indicating that they were most likely not accidental contaminants. In conclusion, our method allows selecting for virulent mutants toward targeted resistance (<i>R</i>) genes. The development of a mutant library from as little as 320 mg spores creates a resource that enables screening against several <i>R</i> genes without the need for multiple rounds of spore multiplication and mutagenesis.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33072145</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">1664-462X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>11</Volume><PubDate><Year>2020</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Frontiers in plant science</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Front Plant Sci</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Mutagenesis of <i>Puccinia graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> and Selection of Gain-of-Virulence Mutants.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>570180</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3389/fpls.2020.570180</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Wheat stem rust caused by the fungus <i>Puccinia graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> (<i>Pgt</i>), is regaining prominence due to the recent emergence of virulent isolates and epidemics in Africa, Europe and Central Asia. The development and deployment of wheat cultivars with multiple stem rust resistance (<i>Sr</i>) genes stacked together will provide durable resistance. However, certain disease resistance genes can suppress each other or fail in particular genetic backgrounds. Therefore, the function of each <i>Sr</i> gene must be confirmed after incorporation into an <i>Sr</i>-gene stack. This is difficult when using pathogen disease assays due to epistasis from recognition of multiple avirulence (Avr) effectors. Heterologous delivery of single <i>Avr</i> effectors can circumvent this limitation, but this strategy is currently limited by the paucity of cloned <i>Pgt Avrs</i>. To accelerate <i>Avr</i> gene cloning, we outline a procedure to develop a mutant population of <i>Pgt</i> spores and select for gain-of-virulence mutants. We used ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) to mutagenize urediniospores and create a library of > 10,000 independent mutant isolates that were combined into 16 bulks of ~658 pustules each. We sequenced random mutants and determined the average mutation density to be 1 single nucleotide variant (SNV) per 258 kb. From this, we calculated that a minimum of three independently derived gain-of-virulence mutants is required to identify a given <i>Avr</i> gene. We inoculated the mutant library onto plants containing <i>Sr43</i>, <i>Sr44</i>, or <i>Sr45</i> and obtained 9, 4, and 14 mutants with virulence toward <i>Sr43</i>, <i>Sr44</i>, or <i>Sr45</i>, respectively. However, only mutants identified on <i>Sr43</i> and <i>Sr45</i> maintained their virulence when reinolculated onto the lines from which they were identified. We further characterized 8 mutants with virulence toward <i>Sr43</i>. These also maintained their virulence profile on the stem rust international differential set containing 20 <i>Sr</i> genes, indicating that they were most likely not accidental contaminants. In conclusion, our method allows selecting for virulent mutants toward targeted resistance (<i>R</i>) genes. The development of a mutant library from as little as 320 mg spores creates a resource that enables screening against several <i>R</i> genes without the need for multiple rounds of spore multiplication and mutagenesis.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 Kangara, Kurowski, Radhakrishnan, Ghosh, Cook, Yu, Arora, Steffenson, Figueroa, Mohareb, Saunders and Wulff.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kangara</LastName><ForeName>Ngonidzashe</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kurowski</LastName><ForeName>Tomasz J</ForeName><Initials>TJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Radhakrishnan</LastName><ForeName>Guru V</ForeName><Initials>GV</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ghosh</LastName><ForeName>Sreya</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cook</LastName><ForeName>Nicola M</ForeName><Initials>NM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yu</LastName><ForeName>Guotai</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arora</LastName><ForeName>Sanu</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Steffenson</LastName><ForeName>Brian J</ForeName><Initials>BJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Figueroa</LastName><ForeName>Melania</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, NSW, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mohareb</LastName><ForeName>Fady</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saunders</LastName><ForeName>Diane G O</ForeName><Initials>DGO</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wulff</LastName><ForeName>Brande B H</ForeName><Initials>BBH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>16</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Front Plant Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101568200</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1664-462X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">avirulence</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">effectors</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ethyl methanesulphonate mutagenesis</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">wheat</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>06</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>19</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>56</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId 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